Fig. 4: Exploration of the OER mechanism.

Bode plots of CoCe–O–Ir (a) and CoCe (b) under different potentials. c Comparison of phase value and frequency of CoCe–O–Ir and CoCe at 1.25–1.50 V vs. RHE. 3D (d) and 2D profile (e) of differential charge density for CoCe–O–IrSA. The yellow and cyan regions in (d) represent electron accumulation and depletion, respectively. The red and blue regions in (e) represent electron accumulation and depletion, respectively. f PDOS of CoCeOOH and CoCe–O–IrSA. g d-band center of CoOOH, CoCeOOH, and CoCe–O–IrSA. h The schematic OER pathway for the Ir site of CoCe–O–IrSA. i Free-energy diagrams on different sites under an applied potential of 1.23 V. Source Data are provided as a Source Data file.