Fig. 3: Tissue adhesion of oHA@Blood clots.

a Schematic illustration and 3D CLSM images showing the adhesion behavior of oHA microparticles onto a gelatin matrix covered with a Rho-BSA solution (50 mg mL⁻¹ in PBS, pH = 7.4). b–d Quantification of the tissue adhesion. Lap shear tests (b), burst pressure tests (c), and tolerant hydraulic pressure tests (d) of natural blood clots, as well as blood clots formed using xHA, EtoHA, and oHA microparticles, and commercially available hemostats. Tests were performed after incubating the clots on fresh porcine skin for 5 minutes (n = 4 independent samples in b–d). e Adhesion of an oHA@Blood clot on a fresh, punched porcine aorta, demonstrating its ability to withstood continuous fluid flow. f In vivo imaging system (IVIS) fluorescence analysis of the same rats examined on days 0, 3, 6, and 14 after applying oHA or xHA microparticles to a liver wound. The rat on the left serves as a negative control (i.e., no wound induction). Data are presented as means ± s.d., and all statistical analyses were performed using an unpaired two-tailed Student t test. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001. The comparison was performed between each of the other hemostats versus oHA microparticles. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.