Fig. 3: The photovoltaic characteristics of OPV cells.

a The J–V profiles of OPV cells with neat polymer active layers, and b the corresponding IQE spectra. c The electroluminescence profiles of OPV cells having an active layer of neat D18 and D18:PCBM, as well as that from a D18 light-emitting diode. d The J–V profiles of champion P3HT:Y6, PM6:Y6, and D18:Y6 binary OPV cells. The inset table shows the performance of champion devices. e The EQE (solid curve) and IQE (dash curve) spectra, and the surface reflectance (R, dot curve) as a function of wavelength for P3HT:Y6, PM6:Y6, and D18:Y6 OPV cells. The values and corresponding wavelengths of peak EQE (and IQE in the brackets) in the corresponding donor absorption region are included.