Fig. 2: Characterization of the Yb-UIO-66 NPs.

a Schematic illustration of the synthesis process for porous Yb-UIO-66 NPs. The figure was created in BioRender (https://BioRender.com/u22w123). b TEM images depicting the morphology of UIO-66 and Yb-UIO-66 NPs. Scale bar = 50 nm. c Size distribution analysis, and d Zeta potential measurements for UIO-66 and Yb-UIO-66 NPs. Data is represented as mean ± SD (n = 3 biologically independent experiments). e EDS elemental mapping of UIO-66 and Yb-UIO-66 NPs. Scale bar = 50 nm. f STEM image of Yb-UIO-66. Scale bar = 5 nm. g XRD patterns, h UV-vis absorption spectra (inset: photographs of UIO-66 and Yb-UIO-66 NPs), and i XPS spectra of UIO-66 and Yb-UIO-66 NPs. j Nitrogen adsorption-desorption curves and BJH models of UIO-66 and k Yb-UIO-66, showing the BET surface area and properties of pores of each sample. l Textural parameters of UIO-66 and Yb-UIO-66. NH2-BDC 2-amino-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid, DMF dimethylformamide, PFD perfluorodecalin, NPs nanoparticles, TEM transmission electron microscopy, EDS energy dispersive spectroscopy, STEM spherical aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy, XRD X-ray diffraction, UV-vis absorption spectra Ultraviolet-Visible absorption spectra, XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, BJH Barrett–Joyner–Halenda, BET Brunauer–Emmett–Teller.