Fig. 4: The skin microbiome has the ability to resist interference and metabolism on the model.

a Schematic diagram of the PBS wash challenge experiment. b The composition bar plot shows the distribution of the top fifty genera biomass in relative abundance in the model. c Chao1 and Shannon indices of alpha diversity. The Kruskal-Wallis rank-sum test and Dunn’s test were used as post-hoc tests to verify the significance of the difference, the boxplots denote the median with a quartile range (25–75%), and the length of whiskers represents 1.5× the IQR, Con-48h, n = 4 technical replicates; Con-72h, n = 4 technical replicates; Wash-48h, n = 4 biologically independent microbiomes; Wash-48h, n = 4 biologically independent microbiomes. d Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) based on weighted Unifrac distance matrix showed differences between groups for Con-48h, Con-72h, Wash-48h and Wash-72h. Con-48h: Skin microorganisms are cultured on the model for 48 h; Con-72h: Skin microorganisms are cultured on the model for 72 h; Wash-48h: The skin microbiome were cultured on the model for 48 h and then rinsed three times with PBS; Wash-72 h: After rinsing with PBS, continue to culture the microbiome for 24 h. e The taxonomic clade shows the taxonomic hierarchical relationships of the main taxa in the wash and wash-24 h community, from phylum to genus (from inner circle to outer circle). Differences were identified by linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size analysis (LEfSe, LDA score >2). Blue and red nodes indicate that these taxa exhibit significant between-group differences and are more abundant in the grouped sample represented by that color. c: class; o: order, f: family; g: genus. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.