Fig. 1: Motivation and implementation routes for high-entropy doping engineering.

a Dynamic prediction of the complex dielectric constant of EWA realized at different thicknesses. The shades of red, blue and orange are the dielectric constant regions where effective reflection loss (RL < −10 dB) can be achieved at 2 mm, 2.5 mm and 3 mm thickness respectively. Frequency coverage is 8–18 GHz. b Preparation of two-dimensional carbon nanosheets and subsequent multistage doping process. White atoms are carbon atoms and other colors indicate different heteroatoms such as O, N, S, P and B. The richer the color indicates the more the variety of heteroatoms and the greater the entropy of the system. c Elemental mapping and low-resolution TEM results for a series of samples that have undergone low-, medium-, and high-entropy doping.