Fig. 6: Escaping mass from carbonaceous asteroids.

The graph shows the mass escaping from the host bodies M_esc as a function of impact velocity. The colored lines are calculated with the Eq. (2). The upper and lower lines of the Si–O–C correspond to the carbon content of 4 wt.% and 0.45 wt.%. The latter carbon content is an average of CO chondrites²⁹. The upper line was obtained the experimental results and the Eq. (2). We converted the upper line to the lower one with the dependence of the carbon content on the total vapor production (Supplementary Note S2 and Fig. S2). The diameter of the host bodies and the escape velocities from their surface are indicated on the right side of the graph. The mass experiencing the compression higher than 15 GPa M_sh in the case of the collision between two basaltic bodies⁴³ is shown as the black dashed line. We also show the results for CI chondrite simulant as the green line based on the previous result¹⁰ (See “Methods”).