Fig. 3: Performance degradation of lead-tin perovskite solar cells during encapsulated aging under 65 °C and simulated full-spectrum sunlight (76 mW cm−2) irradiance.

a Performance metrics for encapsulated ITO/HTL/FA0.83Cs0.17Pb0.5Sn0.5I3/PCBM/ BCP/Cr/Au solar cells measured at room temperature under AM1.5 100 mW cm−2 simulated sunlight at various time intervals during aging using PEDOT:PSS or PTAA HTLs, showing maximum power point power conversion efficiency, steady-state open-circuit voltage, steady-state short-circuit current, and steady-state fill factor of devices during aging. Transparent solid lines represent individual devices, whilst the dark solid line represents the median value with error bars denoting Q1/Q3 (n = 8). b EQE for devices in a, measured at 500 nm and 900 nm illumination. Full EQE spectra are presented in Fig. S11b.