Fig. 1: Activation of CT 16-trapped light-responsive neurons produces phase delay and breaks the circadian photoentrainment dead zone.

a Experimental scheme for DREADDs bilateral SCN injection in the TRAP2 (Fos-iCreER) mice. b Time table for the experimental procedure. c. Representative actogram for GFP-expressing CT 16 or CT 22-trapped mice before and after CNO injection. d Representative actogram for DREADDs (rM3Ds)-expressing CT 16-trapped mice before and after CNO injection. e Representative behavioral data for DREADDs (rM3Ds)-expressing CT 22-trapped mice before and after CNO injection. The red dots represent the time points of CNO injection, while the red line depicts an extended linear regression based on activity onsets prior to the treatment. The blue lines reflect the activity onsets following treatment. f Statistics of phase shift analysis for DREADDs (rM3Ds)-expressing CT 16-trapped mice. Here, the phase shift form TRAP-CT16 mice injected with CNO were calculated using onset with best of fit line generated according to 3–5 days prior to injection. g Statistics of phase shift analysis for DREADDs (rM3Ds)-expressing CT 22-trapped mice. Numbers indicate adjust p value and n.s. indicates p > 0.05, calculated by Holm-Å Ãdák multiple t-test. n = 7/7, 5/6, 5/6 as control/DREADDs at CT 16, CT 22, CT 2 respectively for f. n = 7/7, 5/8, 5/8 as control/DREADDs at CT 16, CT 22, CT 2 respectively for g. Error bars indicate mean with SEM. Outline of mouse brain in a was drawn according to Paxinos and Franklin’s the Mouse Brain79.