Fig. 1: Specific Labeling of Outer Membrane Vesicles with Antibiotic-conjugated Probe Reveals Early Bacterial Infections in Blood.

PmBF selectively tags OMVs, enabling their distinction from host extracellular vesicles and facilitating quantitative analysis via nano-flow cytometry. In male mouse models of lung infection, bacteria release OMVs into the circulation and can be detected. In clinical evaluations, PmBF+ EVs consistently demonstrate superior diagnostic performance, effectively distinguishing bacterial infections from viral or mycoplasma infections. This underscores the potential of PmBF+ EVs as reliable and biomarkers for bacterial infections (Created with BioRender.com).