Fig. 1: Design principle of TPISEs for high-performance and high-safety Li metal batteries.

a Illustration of the limited ion transport pathway and the configuration of ionic solvates dominated by CIPs of PISEs. b Illustration of the rapid ion transport pathway achieved by a homogeneous distribution of ionic solvates and weak interaction environment. The configuration of ionic solvates is dominated by AGGs in TPISEs. c Illustration of the Li+ transport pathway and the configuration of ionic solvates dominated by SSIPs of PISEs with traditional solvents.