Fig. 1: Distribution of measurement errors in Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) data 2009-2022.
From: Subnational variations in the quality of household survey data in sub-Saharan Africa
a–i Proportion of reported ages ending in 5 or 0 of all adults between 23 and 62 (’age heaping’) at (a) 5 × 5 km grid-cell level; (b) district level (admin-2); (c) country level. Share of interviewed women (15–49 years) with either the year or month of birth missing relative to all interviewed women (’incomplete age’) at (d) 5 × 5 km grid-cell level; (e) district level (admin-2); (f) country level. Missing or biologically implausible values for the attained heights of children (height-for-age z-scores, HAZ) according to World Health Organization (WHO) standards (’flagged HAZ’) at (g) 5 × 5 km grid-cell level; (h) district level (admin-2); (i) country level. Countries in dark grey are not in the sample. Grid cells with fewer than 10 people per 1 × 1 km and classified as barren or sparsely vegetated or grid cells with population data not available are colored light grey83,94,95,96.
