Fig. 2: In-situ Raman-optical microscopy-EIS analyses during relaxation after lithium plating.

a In-situ Raman results. b In-situ optical microscopy results after processing, where RTn represents the area of lithium after n hours resting, and RTm − RTn represents the lithium area after m hours minus that after n hours resting. The black bar in each subplot represents 250 μm length. c Normalized lithium area over time. d EIS measurement results. e Equivalent circuit model (ECM) fitting results of EIS.