Fig. 5: Lithium plating manipulation based on short-term relaxation.

a Schematic diagram of manipulation mechanism. b Degradation of commercial Gr | |LFP batteries under 3 C-rate lithium plating fast-charging condition and different manipulation protocols. c CE of the batteries in b, and d Comparison of CE and capacity loss under different manipulation conditions. Two cells were tested per group for statistical representation, and the shading represents the range between the maximum and minimum values.