Table 2 Performance of FLSF (FLuorescence prediction with fluoroScaFfold-driven model) in predicting four photophysical parameters towards different fluorescent scaffolds

From: A modular artificial intelligence framework to facilitate fluorophore design

Scaffold

MAE (Number of data)

λabs (nm)

λem (nm)

ΦPL

εmax (in log10εmax)

Squaraine

15.43 (83)

15.52 (30)

0.17 (14)

0.24 (24)

Naphthalimide

12.36 (88)

17.46 (72)

0.21 (70)

0.21 (40)

Coumarin

10.77 (272)

13.58 (220)

0.10 (165)

0.22 (248)

Carbazole

12.59 (388)

14.77 (309)

0.11 (180)

0.21 (99)

Cyanine

11.79 (310)

16.20 (258)

0.12 (185)

0.16 (209)

BODIPY

6.44 (1412)

7.37 (1315)

0.11 (1215)

0.14 (515)

Triphenylamine

16.91 (641)

18.11 (353)

0.17 (211)

0.22 (162)

Porphyrin

29.43 (31)

11.15 (20)

0.06 (18)

0.20 (825)

PAH

11.70 (630)

16.02 (591)

0.13 (465)

0.30 (322)

Acridine

16.59 (242)

14.42 (182)

0.14 (99)

0.27 (720)

[6 + 5]

15.21 (689)

16.77 (540)

0.12 (390)

0.25 (349)

[6 + 6]

14.86 (259)

17.02 (210)

0.13 (159)

0.27 (305)

6-n-5

12.00 (361)

12.68 (282)

0.11 (214)

0.25 (233)

6-n-6

13.30 (591)

12.91 (521)

0.10 (405)

0.25 (599)

Benzene

20.42 (197)

13.97 (161)

0.12 (129)

0.34 (138)

  1. MAE mean absolute error, λabs maximum absorption wavelength, λem maximum emission wavelength, ΦPL photoluminescence quantum yield, εmax molar absorption coefficient.