Fig. 1: Diagnostic techniques for AIV surveillance and diagnosis of AIV infection. | Nature Communications

Fig. 1: Diagnostic techniques for AIV surveillance and diagnosis of AIV infection.

From: Prevention and control of avian influenza virus: Recent advances in diagnostic technologies and surveillance strategies

Fig. 1

Center panel: A schematic diagram to illustrate the interconnection among the hosts, environment, and food impacted by AIV. Black arrows denoting the direction of viral transmission, such as cattle to cat, cattle to human, and bird to other mammals. The outer circle illustrates the diagnostic techniques that are employed for detecting AIV, including the RNA extraction process. a RT-PCR and qPCR, sequencing for identification of AIV mutations, including those adaptation to mammals, drug-resistance, and BTN3A-resistance. b AIV isolation through chicken embryos and cell culture. c HA or HI assays. d Lateral flow test strips for antibody detection. e Lateral flow test strips for antigen detection. f next-generation sequencing analysis. g Different sensing technologies for detection of AIV. h Isothermal-amplification detection technologies, including RT-LAMP, RT-RPA, and Cas12a. i Identification of host biomarkers post-infection. All images within this figure are created in BioRender. Jiang, Z. (2025).

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