Fig. 6: Techno-economic analysis of a HAp synthesis system that recovers phosphorus from urine at distributed locations.
a Minimum product selling price (MPSP) of the recovered HAp. Whiskers, boxes, and the middle line represent 5th/95th, 25th/75th, and 50th percentiles, respectively, from Monte Carlo simulation samples (n = 2000). Each sample represents a unique stochastic realization of the TEA model (i.e., technical replicates under varying input parameters). “×” indicates the mean MPSP of all samples. The shaded gray regions indicate the market price ranges for HAp of various grades (e.g., food, industrial, cosmetic, medical; 90-99.5% purity; detailed in Supplementary Data 4). Horizontal gray lines indicate price values from literature73,74. b Breakdown of the system’s life cycle cost into operating expenses (OPEX) and capital expenditures (CAPEX). Samples were sorted with ascending contributions of a single category for better visualization. c The relative sensitivity of HAp MPSP to different parameters, indicated by the magnitudes of the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients (\(\rho\)) between MPSP and individual parameters. The null hypotheses of no monotonic relationship between MPSP and individual parameters (i.e., \(\rho=0\)) were tested using two-sided t-approximations (df = 1998). Exact \(\rho\) and p values are provided in Supplementary Data 5 and 6. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
