Fig. 2: XPS and XAS characterization of GB-V-RuO2.

a-c V 2p3/2 (a), Ru 3p3/2 (b) and O 1 s (c) XPS spectra of the GB-V-RuO2 and Com. RuO2 catalysts. d, (e) Normalized Ru K-edge XANES (d) and FT-K-edge EXAFS spectra (e) of GB-V-RuO2. The data for Ru foil and Com. RuO2 were also included for comparison. f O K-edge XAS spectra for GB-V-RuO2 and Com. RuO2. g, h Normalized V K-edge XANES (g) and FT-K-edge EXAFS spectra (h) for GB-V-RuO2, with V foil and Com. VO2 used as reference materials. i, k3-weighted WT-EXAFS contour plot for (i) GB-V-RuO2 and V foil. Source data for Fig. 2 are provided as a Source Data file.