Fig. 5: DFT calculations investigating the OER mechanism.

a RuO2 (110), V-RuO2 and GB-V-RuO2 (110) models. b Gibbs free energy diagrams for OER based on AEM and LOM pathways over RuO2, V-RuO2 and GB-V-RuO2. c Overpotential difference for AEM and LOM pathways on RuO2, V-RuO2 and GB-V-RuO2. d OER volcano plot of overpotential with ΔG*O – ΔG*OH and ΔGOH as descriptors. e Comparison of formation energies of RuCUS and O vacancies on RuO2, V-RuO2 and GB-V-RuO2 surfaces. Source data for Fig. 5 are provided as a Source Data file.