Fig. 3: Li metal stability and reversibility of Li plating/stripping.

a Cyclic voltammetry of the electrolytes in Li||Cu cells at 0.5 mV s−1. b LMN CE under full plating/stripping conditions at 0.5 mA cm−2 and 1 mAh cm−2. c Modified Aurbach’s measurement of LMN CE. d Cycling performance of lean-Li Li||Li symmetric cells at 1 mA cm−2 and 3 mAh cm−2 (DOD = 75%). All electrochemical tests are conducted at 30 °C. e Comparisons of LMN CE with previously reported advanced electrolytes.