Fig. 1: Illustration of bioinspired spinning approach for producing multi-morphological functional fibers.

A A diagram of a steam engine condenser illustrates the behavior of the steam-water mixture within. This gas–liquid mixture flow phenomenon is now termed two-phase flow. B Single bubble, slug bubble, and annular flow simulated by computational fluid dynamics for two-phase flow pattern with the gas superficial velocity (j_g), water superficial velocity (j_l) in a horizontal pipe. C, D Continuous preparation of multi-morphic fibers by gas–liquid two-phase flow-assisted wet spinning. Schematic cross-section of bioinspired multi-morphic fibers including E_I traditional cylindrical, E_II cavity spindle knot, E_III solid spindle knot, and E_IV concavity ratchet teeth. F A schematic diagram of the water storage and power generation applications of a cavity spindle knot structure, the fog collection application of a solid spindle, and the concave ratchet structure for rapid water transportation and sensing applications. Scale bar: 1 mm.