Fig. 5: The module-assembled CD-TED.

a Demonstration of the module-assembled TEDs with different numbers. b Open circuit voltage of TEDs with varying numbers of modular assemblies. c Optical image of one TE Layer and two TE Layers. d Cooling capacity of various TE Layers under different currents (the error bar represents the standard deviation, reflecting the degree of data dispersion in three independent experiments). e Optical image of thermoelectric devices affixed to cylindrical surfaces with varying degrees of curvature.