Fig. 3: Habenula effective connectivity in the discovery sample.

a Intrinsic connectivity and task-induced modulation of connections between the habenula and the network nodes that demonstrated strong evidence (posterior probability > .95) for a non-zero group effect are illustrated on the MNI152 template brain with BrainNet Viewer¹¹⁹. Intrinsic connectivity is represented with solid arrows while dashed arrows depict modulatory effects by each of the task conditions-of-interest – the restructuring (CHAL condition) or repeating (REP condition) of negative self-cognitions. Red arrows represent excitatory intrinsic effective connectivity or positive modulatory effects. Blue arrows show inhibitory intrinsic connectivity or negative task-induced modulation. b Task-induced changes in habenula effective connectivity are plotted for connectivity associated with significant modulatory effects. The first column shows the average effective connectivity throughout the task for each pathway (intrinsic connectivity; A-matrix). This represents the context-independent influence from the habenula to the PCC (blue) and the pOFC (green). The second and third columns represent the net effective connectivity of each pathway under the repeat (REP) and challenge (CHAL) conditions, respectively. This is calculated by adding or subtracting the modulatory effects from the corresponding intrinsic connectivity parameter (A-matrix + B-matrix) as the experimental input is mean-centred in our model. All connectivity estimates are in units of Hz denoting the rate of change in neural activity in the input regions (e.g., PCC, pOFC) due to neural response of the output region (i.e., habenula). Source data are provided as a Source Data file. CHAL, challenge condition, Hb habenula, HC hippocampus, Hz hertz, L left, PCC posterior cingulate cortex, pOFC posterior orbitofrontal cortex, R right, REP repeat condition.