Fig. 2: The role of citric acid (CA) content in modulating the setting process and mechanical properties of CIOHM.
From: Inorganic-organic hybrid metamaterials with switchable high stiffness and elasticity
A Rheological analysis during the CIOHM setting phase, displaying the evolution of storage modulus (G’) and loss modulus (G”) over time, measured at a consistent oscillation frequency of 1 Hz. B Differential stress–strain response of CIOHM under varying concentrations of CA (absent, 0.6%, and 1.2% wt%) in both ground and hydration states, demonstrating CA’s influence on material performance. C Variation of Young’s modulus in the ground state of CIOHM associated with incremental CA content. n = 4 or 5 biological replicates, *: P < 0.05, **: P < 0.01, P-Value (CA-absent CIOHM vs. 0.6%CA-CIOHM) = 0.0156, P-Value (CA-absent CIOHM vs. 1.2%CA-CIOHM) = 0.0024, P-Value (0.6%CA-CIOHM vs. 1.2%CA-CIOHM) = 0.0419, one-way ANOVA with Games-Howell’s post hoc test. D Toughness of CIOHM in the ground state with varying CA compositions, with the statistical significance of increases corresponding to higher CA concentrations. n = 5 biological replicates, **: P < 0.01, ***: P < 0.001, P-Value (CA-absent CIOHM vs. 0.6%CA-CIOHM) = 0.0009, P-Value (CA-absent CIOHM vs. 1.2%CA-CIOHM) = 0.0005, P-Value (0.6%CA-CIOHM vs. 1.2%CA-CIOHM) = 0.0011, one-way ANOVA with Games-Howell’s post hoc test. E Elastic behavior under uniaxial compression of CIOHM in hydration state, examining deformation at controlled strain increments of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50%. F Cyclic compression fatigue characterization at 1000 cycles for CIOHM in hydration state, assessing the endurance limits under repeated loading. G Cyclic tensile fatigue characterization at 1000 cycles for CIOHM in hydration state, illustrating the material’s durability in tension. Data in C and D are presented as mean values +/– SEM.
