Fig. 5: Biocompatibility assessment of CIOHMs.
From: Inorganic-organic hybrid metamaterials with switchable high stiffness and elasticity
A Left panel: scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images depict human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMMSCs) adhere to the surface of CIOHM and exhibit robust growth. Right panel: zoomed-in view of the yellow square area in the left panel. Scale bars represent 200 μm (left) and 50 μm (right). B CCK-8 assay of hBMMSCs cultured in extractions of CIOHM for 1 day, 3 days, and 5 days, respectively (n = 3 biological replicates). C Representative images of in vitro Live/Dead assay of hBMMSCs cultured in extractions of CIOHM for 1 day, 3 days, and 5 days, respectively. Green for live cells, red for dead cells. Scale bars represent 500 μm. D–G Inflammatory cytokine gene expressions of Tnfa, Il6, Tgfb1, and Il1b in RAW264.7, respectively (n = 3 technical replicates). Statistical significances were assessed by unpaired two-tailed Student’s t tests. **: P < 0.01, ****: P < 0.0001, ns: no significant difference, P-Value = 0.0073 (D), P-Value < 0.0001 (E), P-Value = 0.0029 (F), P-Value = 0.4024 (G). H Peripheral blood immune cell counts after subcutaneous implantation of CIOHM in rats at 24 h and 28 days after implantation (n = 3 biological replicates). I Longitudinal in vivo assessment of CIOHM safety in a rat model at 8 weeks post-implantation. The histological analysis is visualized using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Scale bars represent 400 μm (the lungs and liver) and 1000 μm (the kidneys), respectively. Data in (B) is presented as mean values +/– SD, whereas D-H are presented as mean values +/– SEM.
