Fig. 2: Selected amino acids can rescue S. Tm growth.

a Hydrolyzed casein (casAAs) or all 20 L-AAs at the indicated final concentration of each (except Trp/Tyr at 10x less) were added to whole cecal homogenate with S. Tm and incubated 16 h, and CFUs counted by dilution plating. n = 5 mice. b Sugars and other chemicals were added to cecal homogenate at 10 mM (except casAAs at 1.5% w/v), S. Tm was added, and growth was measured as above. n = 4 mice. c Mixtures of all 19 L-AAs (-Cys), top 9, other 10, or the top 9, leaving out one at a time, were added to cecal homogenates at 10 mM each (except Trp/Tyr at 1 mM). Material from n = 9 (all 19), n = 11 (top 9), n = 10 (other 10), n = 7 (leaving out one) mice. d L or D enantiomers of the top 9 AAs except Gly and Ser were added to cecal homogenate at 10 mM each. n = 3 mice. e Heat map showing S. Tm growth relative to untreated cecal homogenate when pairs of AAs were added at 50 mM each (except Asn at 25 mM). Single AAs (along diagonal line) are at 100 mM. Log₂ transformed mean, normalized to untreated, n = 3 mice. f The indicated AAs were added at 10 mM (top 9) or 30 mM (trios) each. n = 4 mice. Results combined from multiple experiments except (b, d and e), which are representative of 2 experiments. Bars are mean ± SD of final CFUs normalized to untreated control. P values are the result of one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test versus untreated (except c – vs. all 19). Source data are provided as a Source Data file.