Fig. 3: Morphological TEM characterization of the membranes.

The TEM cross-sectional images show the PA layer on porous PSf support. The brighter spots could correspond to the AWC aggregates in the PA layer. Scale bar, 200 nm. a The control membrane. b SDS-PA membrane (SDS concentration is 0.2%). c, d AWC-PA membrane (IUP concentration in ethanol solution is 0.25% and 4.0%, respectively). e, f AWC-SDS-PA membrane (IUP concentration in water solution is 0.05% and 0.8%, respectively).