Fig. 5: Phage-antibiotic combination therapy is more effective in vitro than antibacterial agents alone. | Nature Communications

Fig. 5: Phage-antibiotic combination therapy is more effective in vitro than antibacterial agents alone.

From: Adjunctive phage therapy improves antibiotic treatment of ventilator-associated-pneumonia with Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Fig. 5

a Experimental plan created in BioRender. Nouailles, G. (2025) https://BioRender.com/959k27u. For the infection assay PAO1 were cultured in the absence (control) or presence of meropenem (MIC = 1 µg/mL), the Pseudomonas-specific phage cocktail, or the combination of both in different concentrations as indicated. At different time points (15, 30, 45, 120, 180 min) liquid cultures were sampled (filtered 0.22 µm) and analyzed for bacteria load, released endotoxins and supernatants were used for experiments measuring epithelial monolayer integrity (see Figs. 6 and 7). b Colony-forming units (CFU/mL) according to time. Data are expressed as means of 3 independent experiments ±SD. Color and symbol coding for groups: Control group: circles and shades of gray, Meropenem group: squares and shades of green, Phages group: triangles and shades of blue; Combination group: open circles and shades of orange. Dotted line reflects detection limit. c Concentration of free endotoxin (EU/mL) released in culture medium over time. Data are expressed as means of 3 independent experiments ±SEM. MIC minimum inhibitory concentration, MOI multiplicity of infection. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

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