Fig. 3: IFN-I promotes T cell differentiation into cytotoxic T cells.

a UMAP plot of CD8⁺ T cells from nephritic and healthy kidneys. b UMAP plots showing ISG and cytotoxicity scores in CD8⁺ T cells. c Pseudotime analysis using Monocle 3. Naïve CD8⁺ T cell cluster was set to the starting point of differentiation (root of the pseudotime). Quantification is also shown (CTL, n = 2985; Tem, n = 746; Tcm, n = 1300; ISG-T, n = 437; Tn, n = 1855). d UMAP plot of CD4⁺ T cells from nephritic and healthy kidneys. e UMAP plots depicting ISG and cytotoxicity scores in CD4⁺ T cells. f Pseudotime analysis using Monocle 3. Naïve CD4⁺ T cell cluster was set to the starting point of differentiation. Quantification is also shown (Th17, n = 381; Treg, n = 433; CTL, n = 248; Trm, n = 977; Th1, n = 473; Th2, n = 332; Tem, n = 798; ISG-T, n = 210; Tn, n = 1331). Representative flow cytometry plots and bar graphs showing the production of GzmB in CD8⁺ T cells (g) and in CD4⁺ T cells (h) stimulated with vehicle or IFN-β1 in combination with CD3/28 Ab (n = 4 mice). g, h P values were calculated by the two-sided Mann-Whitney test. Data are mean + S.E.M. Box plots show the median (horizontal line inside the box), the 25th and 75th percentiles (lower and upper bounds of the box), and the whiskers extend to the most extreme data points not considered outliers (within 1.5 × IQR). Outliers beyond this range are shown as individual dots. Cell type abbreviations: ISG-T interferon-stimulated genes-expressing T, CTL cytotoxic lymphocytes, Trm tissue-resident memory T, Tem effector memory T, Tcm central memory T, Tn naïve T, Treg regulatory T. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.