Fig. 1: VP Glu neurons regulate movement and brain arousal in mice.

a Schematic diagram and representative image showing virus injection into the VP (demarcated by substance P-antibody staining) (green) and EEG recording in Vglut2-Cre mice. b Verification of virus expression (red) in glutamatergic (Glu) neurons (green) in the VP. c, d Representative traces and summary of firing rates in hM3Dq-expressing VP Glu neurons in brain slices before, during, and after bath perfusion of 3 μM CNO. e Classification of movement states in mice: immobile state (IM); non-locomotion movement including grooming and postural adjustments (NM); locomotion (LM). f % time in each state between half and 1.5 h after vehicle or CNO injection. g Number of episodes in each state. h Duration of episodes in each state. i Schematic diagram and representative image showing viral injection (green) and optical fiber implantation into the VP (purple) and EEG recording in Vglut2-Cre mice. j Verification of virus expression (green) in VP Glu neurons (red). k The specificity of the viral vector for the labeling of Glu neurons. n = 4 mice. l Blue light induced inward photocurrents (upper trace) and time-locked firing (lower trace) in a ChR2-expressing VP neuron. m, o, q Representative EEG traces (upper) and corresponding power spectrum (lower) before, during, and after optical stimulation (light on) in ChR2 mice. n, p, r Power spectrum of each state before and during light stimulation. s−u The relative power (percent of total) of different frequency bands in IM, NM, and LM states. The data is presented as the mean ± SEM in (f−h, k, s−u). Two-tailed paired t-test for (f−h, s−u). P-values are two-sided. n = 8 mice in (e−h, n−u). Mean ± SEM in (f−h, k, n, p, r−u). The source data are in the Supplementary Dataset, Source Data.xlsx. Statistical results are in Supplementary Table 1.