Fig. 3: Effects of VP Glu neurons on EEG under isoflurane anesthesia.

a, d Experimental protocol for examination of burst-suppression ratio (BSR) in the electroencephalograph (EEG) signal before and during optogenetic stimulation or inhibition of VP Glu neurons during anesthesia induced by 1.4 % isoflurane. The blue or yellow line represents the time window of light illumination of the VP. b, c, e, f Representative EEG traces, corresponding EEG power spectrum and summary of BSR before, during, and after blue or yellow light illumination in ChR2 / NpHR (upper) and eYFP mice (lower) under 1.4 % deep isoflurane anesthesia. n = 6 mice in each group. g, l Experimental protocol for examination of EEG spectrum during anesthesia with 0.8% isoflurane anesthesia. The blue or yellow line represents the time window of blue light (5 ms, 20 Hz, 4 mW) or yellow light (589 nm, constant, 3 mW) illumination. h−k, m−p Representative EEG traces, corresponding power spectra (lower), and summary of EEG waves under 0.8% isoflurane anesthesia in ChR2 (n = 10) / NpHR (n = 10) and eYFP (n = 6) mice before and during blue or yellow light illumination. One-way repeated measures ANOVAs in (c, f). Two-tailed paired t test for (i, k, n, p). P-values are two-sided. Mean ± SEM in (c, f, i, k, n, p). The source data are in the Supplementary Dataset, Source Data.xlsx. Statistical results are in Supplementary Table 1.