Fig. 6: Regulation of LC NA neurons innervated by VP Glu neurons affects anesthesia in mice.

a Schematic diagram of virus injection, optical fiber implantation, and EEG recording. b, c Representative images of ChR2- or NpHR-labeled VP Glu neurons and their terminals in the LC. An optical fiber was implanted in the LC. d Apparatus for isoflurane anesthesia. e Time line for examining general anesthesia induction and 30 min maintenance with 1.4% isoflurane and emergence from anesthesia. Blue light: 5 ms, 4 mW, 20 Hz, 2 min with 2 min intervals. Yellow light: constant, 3 mW, 2 min with 2 min intervals. f, g Time to LORR and RORR in eYFP and ChR2 mice with (blue) or without (blank) blue light illumination in the LC. h, i Motor function recovery without and with blue light illumination in the LC in eYFP and ChR2 mice. j, k Time to LORR and RORR in eYFP and NpHR mice with (yellow bars) or without (blank bars) yellow light stimulation in the LC. l, m Motor function recovery without and with yellow light illumination in the LC in eYFP and NpHR mice. n−q Representative EEG traces, corresponding power spectrum, and burst suppression ratio (BSR) in mice anesthetized with 1.4% isoflurane with and without blue or yellow light illumination in the LC. r−u Representative EEG traces, corresponding power spectrum, and summary of % power of EEG signal in mice anesthetized with 0.8% isoflurane with and without blue or yellow light illumination in the LC in ChR2 and NpHR mice. Two-tailed paired t tests for (f, g, i, j, k, m, s, u). One-way repeated measures ANOVAs in (o, q). P-values are two-sided. n = 6 mice in each group. Mean ± SEM in (f−m, o, q, s, u). The source data are in the Supplementary Dataset, Source Data.xlsx. Statistical results are in Supplementary Table 1.