Fig. 4: Bar charts comparing the posterior population estimates produced by the BHM and TSBHM approaches across Papua New Guinea provinces.

Bar charts with 95% credible interval error bars (black) for comparing the posterior population estimates of Papua New Guinea provinces based on the BHM (blue) and TSBHM (yellow) approaches. The error bars provide a means of assessing the uncertainty in the parameter estimates as the distance between the predicted lower and upper bound population estimates based on the 95% credible intervals of the posterior distribution. Shorter error bars indicate higher accuracy. The TSBHM method consistently provided comparatively shorter error bars compared to the BHM approach, thus suggesting higher prediction accuracy.