Fig. 6: Electrochemical performance of ZICBs.

a Cycling stability and CE, b VE, and c EE profiles of ZICBs using different electrolytes at a specific current of 0.2 A g–1, tested at 30 °C. d ACE, AVE and AEE in different electrolytes. e Polarization voltage of ZICBs using different electrolytes at a specific current of 0.2 A g–1, inset is charge/discharge curves of the first cycle. f Rate performance. g Cyclic stability and CE at a specific current of 1 A g–1, tested at 30 °C. h Comparison of the energy efficiency of ZICBs with previous reports. Source data are provided as a Source data file.