Fig. 2: Spatiotemporal patterns of predicted resistance to DHA-PPQ and artemisinin, from 2017 to 2022.

Predicted resistance to a dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DHA-PPQ) and b artemisinin at provincial level. Left: 2017–2019, middle: 2020–2021, right: January–December 2022. Resistance to artemisinin was predicted based on the presence of nonsynonymous mutations in the kelch13 gene, while resistance to DHA-PPQ was inferred from both kelch13 mutations and plasmepsin2/3 gene amplification (Supplementary Table 1)9. Marker colors reflects resistance prevalence, ranging from 0 to 1, where 0 means no parasites were predicted to be resistant, and 1 means 100% of the parasites in the province carried the relevant resistance markers. A marker appears when at least two samples were processed from the province. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.