Fig. 4: Investigation of metal plating/stripping behavior.
From: Fast single metal cation conduction in ion-water aggregated aqueous battery electrolytes
a Chronopotentiometry curves of Zn electrode in blank and ion-water aggregated electrolytes at 1 mA cm−2 and corresponding electrolytes composition are recorded in Supplementary Table 1; b Chronoamperometry curves of Zn electrode with a fixed potential of 150 mV; c XRD patterns of zinc after plating/stripping in different electrolytes; d Coulombic efficiency of Zn-Ti cell in 3 m ZnSO4 and ion-water aggregated electrolytes based on Aurbach method, where the charge/discharge current at 2 mA cm−2, the capacity of plating is 10 mAh cm−2 and cycling number is 10; Long-term plating/stripping tests for (e) Zn||Zn and (f) Sn||Sn cells in ion aggregated electrolytes at 2 mA cm−2 and 2 mAh cm−2; SEM images of various metals after 10th plating/stripping in blank and ion-water aggregated electrolytes: g Zn, h Cu, i Fe, and ( j) Sn.
