Fig. 2: Characteristics of ReSURF and device output performance.
From: Recyclable self-secreting autonomous healing dielectrics for millisecond water quality sensing
a Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) images of dielectric materials with different FAS concentrations. b The AFM topographic height profile and phase image corroborate microphase separation. c Zoomed-in AFM height images of the self-assembled nanoscale domains within an island-like structure (2.5 wt% FAS). d Comparison of the dielectric constants of ReSURF (2.5 wt% FAS) with those of fluorinated and other soft dielectric materials (PDMS: polydimethylsiloxane, PTFE: polytetrafluoroethylene, FEP: fluorinated ethylene propylene). Data are presented as mean values and the error bars represent the standard deviation from three devices (N = 3). e, f Output current of the device with increasing the concentration of FAS. The inset of (f) illustrates the droplet contacting (left) and separating (right) from the ionogel electrode. tcontact and tseparate represent the moments when the water droplet first contacts and then separates from the top electrode, respectively. Output performance and response time measurements are obtained from flat devices on glass slides. The volume of each droplet is about 50.0 μL, Height: ~20 cm, Frequency: ~2 Hz.
