Fig. 5: PCP robustly affects behavior, DLPFC, and GPe activity. | Nature Communications

Fig. 5: PCP robustly affects behavior, DLPFC, and GPe activity.

From: Basal ganglia deep brain stimulation restores cognitive flexibility and exploration-exploitation balance disrupted by NMDA-R antagonism

Fig. 5

a Left—non-human primates’ (NHPs) mean ± SEM learning curves in the naïve (black), phencyclidine (PCP, red), and post-PCP (blue) conditions. The inset shows associated learning slopes. Right—Average switch probability throughout the task, with the inset showing the probability of choosing the correct stimulus in the first six trials following a switch (a dashed gray line marks the chance level). b Learning criterion: average and SEM with 100 randomly selected data points overlaid. of the trial number when learning was achieved, defined as three consecutive successful trials. p-values represent the significance (Bonferroni corrected) of the two-tailed t test comparing learning criterion under PCP effect and post-PCP with the naïve state. c Left—Directed exploration probability, mean \(\pm \,\)SEM (switch probability after an unsuccessful trial, with a total of 3202 trials in the naïve state, 5040 under the PCP effect, and 355 after PCP withdrawal). Right—Random exploration probability (switch probability after a successful trial, total of 18,869 trials in the naïve state, 13,159 under PCP effect, and 2715 after PCP withdrawal). Insets show data on a 0-1 Y-axis. p-values represent the significance (Bonferroni corrected) of the two-tailed t-test comparing directed and random exploration probabilities in PCP and post-PCP conditions to the naïve state. d Left—Pearson’s correlation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC, top) and external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe, bottom) activity with the probability of reward omission. Right—Correlation of DLPFC activity with learning slope (top) and GPe activity with switch probability (bottom). A total of 14,332 trials in the GPe and 10,708 trials in the DLPFC were recorded in the naïve state; 8291 trials in the GPe and 5034 trials in the DLPFC were recorded under the PCP effect; and 1788 trials in the GPe and 1858 trials in the DLPFC were recorded after PCP withdrawal. e DLPFC (top) and GPe (bottom) mean ± SEM FR around choice selection (time zero). f Left: Mean ± SEM activity in DLPFC (top) and GPe (bottom) during the 2 s preceding choice selection (shaded gray in e) following unsuccessful trials, across naïve (black), PCP (red), and post-PCP (blue) conditions. Right: Same, for successful trials. p-values from Bonferroni-corrected two-sample t tests compare each condition to naïve. Trial counts for unsuccessful trials: naïve—1373 DLPFC/2,963 GPe (325/233 neurons); PCP—1749 DLPFC/3291 GPe (178/149 neurons); post-PCP—163 DLPFC/192 GPe (45/33 neurons). For successful trials: naïve—10,662 DLPFC/14,364 GPe; PCP—4804 DLPFC/8355 GPe; post-PCP—1464 DLPFC/1251 GPe. Each bar chart is overlaid with 100 randomly selected data points falling within one standard deviation of the mean. For the full distribution of data points, please see Supplementary Fig. 3.

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