Fig. 3: Effects of the solid-state eutectic electrolyte on the Zn metal deposition behavior at 25±1 °C.

a Zn plating/stripping performance of ZnSnF@Zn||Cu batteries with different solid-state electrolytes. The inset in Fig. 3a shows an enlarged view of coulombic efficiency for Zn deposition. b Rate performance of symmetric batteries with zinc utilization of 80%. c, d Long-term Zn plating/stripping performance of symmetric batteries with PSNE at 80% zinc utilization. e SEM image of ZnSnF@Zn with 80% zinc utilization after 100 cycles at 10 mA cm-2 and 8.0 mAh cm-2. f XRD patterns of ZnSnF@Zn with 80% zinc utilization after 1 and 100 cycles at 10 mA cm-2 and 8.0 mAh cm-2. g Comparison of zinc utilization, cycle life and current density between this work and recent literatures31,32,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73.