Fig. 1: Miniaturized and bioadhesive-coupled ultrasound transducer (MiniUlTra). | Nature Communications

Fig. 1: Miniaturized and bioadhesive-coupled ultrasound transducer (MiniUlTra).

From: Bioadhesive hydrogel-coupled and miniaturized ultrasound transducer system for long-term, wearable neuromodulation

Fig. 1

a Illustration of MiniUlTra that continuously adheres to the scalp targeting the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) with high adhesion force, low acoustic attenuation and miniaturized transducer. b Mechanism of suppression of P27-N20 complex in somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) through focused ultrasound stimulation locally at the S1. c Schematic of layered structure of MiniUlTra that assembles the piezoelectric with PDMS-based ACFAL and bioadhesive hydrogel integrated into a compact 3D-printed housing. d Side-view of layered schematic including chemical structure of bioadhesive hydrogel and its’ adhesion mechanisms. e, f Optical images of design and fabricated SFAT-ACFAL and bioadhesive hydrogel. g Adhesion of MiniUlTra on skin. h Demonstration of MiniUlTra on the scalp for S1 targeted neuromodulation. Created in BioRender. Tang, K. (2025) https://BioRender.com/6fzf8qz.

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