Fig. 2: Consumption of white sugar affects the orientation of PVR2 in B. theta in monocolonized mice which in turn alters the immune-modulatory functionality of B. theta.

a Experimental design, four-week-old GF mice were either kept GF or monocolonized with B. theta. Ten days later, 9% white sugar was added to the drinking water of one group of GF mice and one group of monocolonized mice. Seven days later, feces were collected and the orientation of PVR2 was assessed. Five days later immunophenotyping was performed. b Ratio of reverse orientation of PVR2 in monocolonized mice drinking water and monocolonized mice drinking sugar water at day 10 compared to day 17. c–e CD8+ CD62L+ cell percentages in the colon, spleen, and mLNs of GF and monocolonized mice drinking water or sugar water. f–h TNF-α, IL-6, and ZO-1 expression levels presented as fold change from control GF mice drinking water. b–h Each dot represents a mouse n = 3 biological independent experiments with 3–4 mice in each group in each experiment. b Two-way ANOVA, using Šídák multiple comparisons test, c, h Brown-Forsyth and Welch ANOVA, using Dunnett’s T3 multiple comparisons test, d–e and f–g Ordinary one-way ANOVA, using Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. Horizontal lines represent the mean. *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001, all exact p-values are listed under “P-values” sheet in the Source Data file. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.