Fig. 1: Comparison of conventional and inverted organic photovoltaics.
From: Multifunctional interface engineering enables efficient and stable inverted organic photovoltaics
a Device architecture of conventional and inverted organic photovoltaics (OPVs); b The efficiency development curve of inverted and conventional OPVs from 2016 to 2025; c the distribution of reported final power conversion efficiency (PCE) remaining (PCEt/PCE0) after aging for certain testing hours. Cells with an initial PCE over 17.5% and 17.0% for the conventional and inverted cells are chosen for comparison, and the initial PCE are listed in this figure. The dashed lines indicate different linear PCE degradation rates. The photovoltaic data and corresponding references are included in Supplementary Table 1 and 2.
