Fig. 1: Forest plot showing odds ratios for UPFs intake and allergic disorders in NHANES 2007–2010.

Model 1, adjusted for none. Model 2, adjusted for dietary fiber and CDAI. Model 3, adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, educational level, BMI, dietary fiber and CDAI. n = 11765. p for trend (two-sided) was calculated by using the median value of each quartile as a continuous variable in each model. Data represent odds ratios (center points) and their 95% CIs (error bars) derived from multivariable logistic regression analyses of allergic outcomes. Q1: the first quartile, et cetera. BMI body mass index, CDAI composite dietary antioxidant index, CI confidence interval, UPFs ultra-processed foods. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.