Fig. 5: Dependence of energy density on NOSC values for compound classes presented in the DOM of sludge samples.

a The relationship between average combustion enthalpy (ΔH) (kJ mol−1 C) and NOSC values of compound classes of DOM in PD and SD with error bars indicating standard deviation (SD) for both ΔH and NOSC (n = 7 biologically independent replicates). b Linear relationship validated using known compounds in waste sludges, with the shaded area representing the 95% prediction interval of the fitted linear regression model. c Intensity-weighted ∆H-NOSC relationships, with relative intensity weights applied as the accounting unit for each molecule. The calculation methods for ∆H-NOSC follow the studies by LaRowe et al. (ref. 44) and Gunina et al. (ref. 45), which are detailed in Methods section. All formulae in PD and SD were included in the ∆H-NOSC analyses, which are available in the Source Data file.