Fig. 2: Fog-to-water converter (FWC).
a Three sets of WCNPS, each including the FWC of 0.6 × 0.6 m2. b Schematic diagram of 3D FWC subjected to vertical (y direction) fog flow. c The particle image velocimetry characterization for 3D FWC units encountering wind from y direction. d Collected water of 3D FWC, single-layer and double-layer 2D FWCs with the size of 0.6 × 0.6 m2 (wind speed: ~1 m/s, fog flow rate: ~5 L/h). e Schematic of the biphilic wedged spines surface. f, The growth of droplet on the vertical biphilic surface. g The water collection rate (WCR) of blank (hydrophobic substrate), biphilic-1(The width of hydrophilic spot is 0.5 mm with a spacing of 3 mm), biphilic-2 (The width of hydrophilic spot is 0.5 mm with a spacing of 2 mm) and full-cover hydrophilic surface. h The four layouts of biphilic surfaces classified based on droplet detachment behavior. l, w and h are spacing, width and height of hydrophilic points. i The gravity \(\left({F}_{g}\right)\) and adhesion \(\left({F}_{a{dh}}\right)\) of a droplet on the vertical biphilic surface. R is the droplet radius. j The critical detachment radius \(\left({R}_{c}\right)\) on the vertical biphilic surface with different spacing between hydrophilic spots (l). k The comparison of WCR between fog harvesting units with layout II and other layouts. All error bars indicate ± SD. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
