Fig. 3: Self-sufficient spark nitrogen fixation.

a Schematic illustration of SDEG achieving electricity generation and electric nitrogen fixation. b The voltage difference (ΔV) of the SDEG with time (t) at different water flow rates. c The charging and discharging behavior of SDEG. d The dynamic variation of electric field intensity (E) during the spark process simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics software. e The voltage difference (ΔV) and current (I) under different electrode distances (d). f The charging time of one cycle of SDEG (blue bar) and concentration of nitrogen dioxide c(NO2) produced of different d after 1 h (orange bar). The volume of the electric nitrogen fixation reactor is 25 mL. g The chemical path of the mechanism reactions generating nitric oxide (NO) and NO2 from air during the spark. ΔG is the Gibbs free energy. h The molecular dynamics simulation results of nitrogen fixation using SDEG. All error bars indicate ± SD. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.