Fig. 3: In vitro characterization of hybrid heart’s preload and afterload sensitivity.

All tests were performed in the double mock circulatory loop at different heart rates of 60, 70, and 80 BPM. Data are presented as mean ± SD of n = 5 cycles. a) The relation between varying left preload (4-20 mmHg) versus left cardiac output. b) The relation between varying right preload (4–20 mmHg) versus right cardiac output. c) The relation between varying left afterload (MAoP) (60–120 mmHg) versus left cardiac output. d) The relation between varying right afterload (MPAP) (15–35 mmHg) versus right cardiac output. e) Hybrid Heart’s reaction to left-to-right preload imbalance of ~12 mmHg. f) Hybrid Heart’s reaction to right-to-left preload imbalance of ~12 mmHg.