Fig. 5: Brain cytokine expression following HPAI A(H5N1) infection. | Nature Communications

Fig. 5: Brain cytokine expression following HPAI A(H5N1) infection.

From: Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b genotype B3.13 is highly virulent for mice, rapidly causing acute pulmonary and neurologic disease

Fig. 5

Six-week-old C57BL/6J mice (n = 10 per group) were inoculated with 105 TCID50 of A/bovine/OH/B24OSU-342/2024, A/mountain lion/MT/1/2024), A/mink/Spain/3691-8_22VIR10586-10/2022, or A/Vietnam/1203/2004. A subset of animals from each group (n = 4) was euthanized at day 4 post infection for cytokine analysis. (A) Interleukin (IL)-1α, (B) IL-β, (C) granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), (D) regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), (E) Interferon gamma (IFN-γ), (F) monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), (G) macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta (MIP-1β), (H) tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Dashed line indicates limit of detection. Statistical analyses were performed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison. ns p > 0.05, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001. Comparisons with p values > 0.05 were not displayed. Violin plots show interquartile range, median and density curve.

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