Fig. 3: Type 2 pathway cytokines induce mature tuft cell differentiation.

A Neural and immune genes are induced in mature tuft cells. Significance (signed-log10 (q-value), x axis) of enrichment of the four functional gene sets (y axis) in the REACTOME database, most enriched in genes up-regulated in mature tuft cells (positive values) or ionocytes (negative values). B IL-13 treatment shifts the Large ALI cell composition. UMAP embedding of scRNA-seq profiles (dots) from control (left; same plot as in Fig. 1E, reproduced here for convenience) and IL-13-treated (right) LAE ALIs, colored by cell subset annotation. C–E Mature tuft cells are induced in IL-13-treated LAE ALIs. Zoom of a portion of the UMAP embedding in IL-13 treated LAE ALIs (from B, right) colored by scores for rare cell marker gene signatures (Supplementary Data 2) (C) or by expression of rare cell marker genes (D). E Number of antibody-stained cells (y axis) for GNAT3 expressing tuft cells (n = 2 ALIs (Hu19, Hu67)) and BSND expressing ionocytes n = 3 ALIs (Hu19, Hu62, Hu67) in LAE ALI treated with PBS or IL13 (10 ng/ml) (x axis). (All experimental treatments were done in parallel; Methods). F Mature SAE ALIs are treated for 96 h with PBS (control) or IL13 (20 ng/ml). IL-13 treatment shifts SAE ALI cell composition. UMAP embedding of scRNA-seq profiles (dots) from control (left; as in Fig. 1F) and IL-13-treated (right) SAE ALIs, colored by cell type annotation. G Mature tuft cells are induced in IL-13-treated SAE ALIs. Zoom of a portion of the UMAP embedding in IL-13 treated SAE ALIs (from G, right) colored by expression of rare cell marker genes.