Fig. 2: Plasticity and microstructure of Bi2Te3, Bi2Se3, and Sb2Te3 crystals.

a Optical images of the as-grown Bi2Te3, Bi2Se3, and Sb2Te3 ingots and the single crystals peeled off the ingots. Engineering stress vs. strain curves of Bi2Te3, Bi2Se3, and Sb2Te3 bulk crystals in the b three-point bending test and c tensile test. Optical images and corresponding SEM images of the d Bi2Te3, e Bi2Se3, and f Sb2Te3 crystals after bending tests. g, h HAADF-STEM images, i, j IFFT images projected on (003) plane, and k, l strain maps of Bi2Se3 and Sb2Te3 crystals, respectively. The insets in g, h are their corresponding SAED patterns. X-ray rocking curves measured on the m (0015) plane and n (006) plane of the cleaved Bi2Te3, Bi2Se3, and Sb2Te3 crystals. The data of Bi2Te3 are taken from Ref. 45.